Brassicaceae is also called as cruciferae i.e Mustard family.
1) Habit: - Annual , biennial or perrenial .
Annual -> One year life
Biennial ->Two year life,developing leaves in first year ,fruit and flower In second year.
Perrenial -> 3 or more year life
2) Root :- Tap root (Tuberous or fibrous) .
3) Stem:- Herbaceous , Cylindrical , aerial
Herbaceous -> Herb like / Non woody stem
Cylindrical -> Clunder – like , elongated or round .
Aerial -> Occuring above ground .
4) Leaf :- Petiolate , Alternate , simple , exstipulate , reticulated venation.
Struction
Struction
Petiolated : Having leaf stalk (petiol)
Phyllotonuis
Alternate : Borne singly at each nade .
Leaf type
Simple : Leaf blade is not divided .and leaves are coverd
By simple or branch hairs .
Exstipulate :- Without stipule
Venation :-
Reticalated venation :-veins from midrb forming network .
5). Inflorescence:- Simple recermose it become corybbose reacome.
Simple Recme:- Main axis is elongated and bears lateral branches.
Corymbose Receme:- Main axis is short and pedicle of older flower are longer while younger flower have short pedide.
6). Flower:- Pedicilate, ebractate, Acrinomorphie, regular, complete, hermaphordite, hypogynous.
Pedicilate:- Having pedicle. (Flower Stalk)
Ebrateate:- Bract is absent (Bract is small leaf like structure on axit of which flower arise).
Actinomorphic:- Folwer is cut into equal half by more than one plane.
Regular Symmetry of flower is actinmorphic hence regular.
Complete:- Calyx and corolla are present.
Hearmaphordite:- Thalamus is conven, ovary is superior.
Calyx:- Four sepals, green, free and dimerous.
Dimerous:- Place in 2 whorls.
K2+2
Corolla:- Four petals, free, present in cruciform form.
Cruciform:- Petlas are present in cross pattern
C4
Androecium:- 6 stamens are present
That are tetradynamous in position free, basfixed, nectraies.
Necterias ---> Having nectors .
Tetrodynamous ---> 4 stamens are larg and
2 = are short .
A2 +4 .
Gynoecium :- Bicarpellany , syncarpous , placeutation is parietal.
Bicarpellary Two carpell are present
Sycarpous Carpels are fused .
G (2)
7) Fruit:- Siliqua type of fruit .
Siliqua Fruit that arises from bicarpellary
Syncarpous ovary is called siliqua .
8) Speed :- Non – endospermic No nutritive membrance
Or layer surround seed .
9) Floral Formula :-
ϴ, + , K2+2 , C4 , A2+4 , G(2)
10) Floral Diagram :-
11) Distuibution :-
Important family , present all over the world .
Indudes 200 genera and 2000 species
12) Important Species :-
Brassica compestris ---> Mustard
Brassica oleracea à ---> Cabbage
3) Raphanus sativus ---> Radish
4) Ibreeis amara ---> Candytuft
5) Brassica nigra ---> black mustard
6) Brassica alba ---> white mustard
7) Brassica napus ---> turnip
13) Economie Imprtance :-
(a) Ornamental plant
some species of this family are cullirated in garden to enhance the beauty of nature
e.g Iberis amara ---> candytuft
Cherianthus cheiri ---> wall flower .
(b) Meticinal plant
Some species are important for their medicinal use-
e.g Lipidium sativum ---> water cress
used for treatment of airborn disorders e.g asthama .
(c) Vegetables
Root , leaves and fruit of many plants are used as vegetable –
E.g Radish , Turnip , cauliflower . etc
These are nutrient rich vegetables .
(a) Condiments .
White and black mustard are used in condiments to add taste
Flower of food .
(e) Fodder :-
Leaves of Brassica species are used as fodder for animals .
Oil cake obtained from crushing seeds is given as fodder to cattle .
(f) Weeds :-
Capsela bursa pastories ( ) act as weeds .
Diagnostic Characteristics :-
1) Habit :- Perrenial trees , some are shrubs .
Shrub:- woods plant with several stems and shorter than tree .
2) Root:-
Fibrous tap root is present in plants .
3) Stem:-
Woody , Spiny , cylindrical .
Woody not herbaecous
Spiny Having spines on stem
Cylindrical cylinder like
4) leaves :-
Petialate , atternate or opposite , simple or compound ,
Exstiplate , reticulate venation .
5) Inflorescence :-
Terminal or axibary cyme or paicle
Terminal :- when florescnce forms at apen of same branch .
Axillary :- Inflorescnce form on branch .
6) Flower :- Pedicillate , bracteate or ebracteate , actinomorphic ,
Regular , complete , hermaphordite and hypogynous .
7) Floral parts:-
Calyx:-
4 - 5 , free , or united , imbrcate , givean .
Corolla:-
4 - 5 , free , imbricate .
Stamans:-
Numerous , free or polyandrous , another basifixed .
Polyanidrous :- free from each other , may be di , tetra or penla .
Carpel :-
4 - 5 or sometime more , syncaropous , compound
Avary , axil placontation .
Axil placeutation:- In which margins of carpd are fussed and grow
Inwords centre free , margins fused
8) Fruit:- Berry or drupes .
Berry :- fleshy fruit developed with hard many seed in mesocarp .
Drupes:- fleshy fruit with hard endocarp .
9) Saeed :- Non - endospermic seed .
10) Floral Formula :-
ϴ , + , K (5) , C5 , Ax , G (x)
11) Floral Diagram :-
12) Distrbution:-
Family has worldwide distribution with 120 genera and 900 specius
Mostly found in tropical and temperate region .
13) Important Species:-
Citrus acida ---> Lime
Citrus medica ---> Lemon
Citrus limeta ---> sweet lime
Citrus aurentium ---> orange
Murraya konini ---> (Neem pat)
14) Economic Importance :-
1) Fruits :- Family is important for citrus fruits like arrange , line And lemon family has third rant in food production .
2) Medicinal plant :-
Most plants of this family has medicinal importance because they ar rich in vitamin and minerals .
Vitamin C is extracted from these fruits
Oil of lemon is used for mosquito repellent
Leaves of Murayama koenigii are used in flaworing .
3) Ornamental Plant:-
Plants of Murraya and lime are used as ornamental plants And cultivated in graden to enhance beauty .
Citrus Lamon ---> used to make hadge in lawns .
4) Use in Perfumes :-
This family has commercial importance too because used for perfume
Production white fragnantt flowers are used .
Symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. Lichens are dual organisms which contain permanent association of a fungus and algae:-
Fungi usually Ascomycota
Algae usually cyanobacteria
The properties of lichen are sometimes plant like but lichens are not plants.
Algal component is known as “phycobinot that is autotphic in nature (made of nutrition)
Fungal component is known as “mycobiont” that is “heterotrophic” in nature
(Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provideshetter and absorb mineral and water foralgae)
Food that is produce by algae is diffuse out probably and absorved by fungal partner
A). Vegetative by fragmentation
b). Asexual by formation of sodium
Meale spores spermogonim
Female spores’ carpogonium
Lichens do not have woxy cuticle like plants have on their leaves .nor thy have rascular tissue to move nutrients and water around their thalli
Everything is absorbed in lichens get their water and ninerals from surrounding environment
Structural component:-
Cortex is outer layer of lichen thallus their calls are thicker and colossallypacked. This cell layer provider protection as well as provider colour in some species
Algal cells are actually colourd cells precents in the thallus
It green algae is presout lichen is bright green is colour
Itcyanobacteria are presut found under the upper cortex or an top of it, appears as dark green .brown or black in colour
Majority of lichen thallus is comprised of fungus filaments called medulla there cells are threadlike
Lichens attached to their sub strict by mean of
Fungalfilaments that externd from medulla and attached lichen to it subtracted
Rhizines only holds the lichen down to whatever it is sitting on
LICHENS OCEURANCE:-
Lichen often grown in most inhospitable and uninhabited place like barren rocks, cool volcanic lava roofs, walls tree bark etc.
Lichens only grow in area where pollution Is less because they cannot tolerate the pollution
On basis of structure they may be:-
Crustose:-
(Crustose) graphics
Crustose is crust like closely attached to substratum and attached to it at several places.
Example graphic
Foliose:-
Thy body lichen is flat, broad,and lobed or leaf like, attach to the substratum eg permilia and Cora (dictyounema)
FRUTICOSE:-
The lichen is branched like bush and attached to substratumby mean of disk
Eg cladoni
Bulk of lichen body is formea by fungal partner mycobiont and algal partner is 5% of lichen body
Economic importance sources of food:-
Certain lichen species are valuable sources of food most importance of there are fructicose lichen clanodia some lichens are sources of foods. Most important of these are some lichens are source of fodder for cattle.
Industria use:-
Some lichens are also used as industrialparticles. Lichens used to prepare dyes fungal component produce coloured pigment used for dyes.
Medicinal use:-
Few species of lichen are used in preparation of medicine for jaundice, fever epilepsy and skin disease.
Perfume Formation:-
Sweet- scented thalli of some lichens are used in manufacture of perfumes. Lichen oak Mass is used as fixatwe for perfume.
Indicator of Pollution:-
Lichens serve as indicator of air polluter because they only grow in area where less or no pollution present.
FAMILY: 01
Diagnostic Characteristics:-
The plants of this family are annual or perennial herbs.
Annual: - plant which germinates from seed, produce flower, sets seed (fruit) and dies in same year.
Perennial: - Plant that live for 3 or more year.
Tuberous roots are present in these plants.
Tuberous:- root that produce tubers (for storing food) or resemble a tuber.
Herbaceous stem that development rhizome is present.
Herbaceous stem: - not woody/with character of herb.
Leaf is petiolate,
Petiolate: - Having petiole (leaf stalk that raises lamina towards sunlight).
(phyllotaxis)
Arrangement of leaf on is alternate rearly opposite.
Alternet:- borne singly at each node.
Opposite:- borne across one another.
(Leaf Type)
Leaf is simple or compound.
Simple:- Having no leaflets/ leaf blade is undivided.
Compound:- Having 2- more leaf lets.
VENATION:-
Venation in leaf is reticulated.
Reticulate venation:- venation in which smaller veins arises from midrib and forms network.
Cymose:-cyme- like, inflorescence in which main axis ends in flower and one or more lateral branches develops.
Receme:-Infloresconse in which main axis is elongated and laterialpeddicillate (cyme- like) flower present on it is receme.
Flower is pedicillate.
Pedicillate:-pedical (flower stalk) is present.
(Symmetry)
Flower is actinomorphic, regular.
Actinomorphic:- when flower is cut into two equal half by more thenane plane- symbol(Ɵ)
Regular:- If symmetry is actinomorphic.
(Parts)
Complete:- flower is complete if calyx and corolla both are present.
(No. of Floral Parts)
Calyx:- 5 sepals, free, pataloid. Imbricate.
Sepals:- Outermost whorl of flower.
Free:- They are not attached with petals.
Petaloid:- Sepals are coloured like petals e.g (larkspur)
Corolla:- 3-5 or more petals, free, imbricate.
Petals:- Coloured past/just inside sepals.
Free:-Not attached with any floral part.
Imbricate:- Margin of sepal and petal overlap each other.
Stamen:-Numeraous stamens, spirally arranged and basifixed.
Basifixed:- Stamen attached at base of anther.
Carpal:-Poly carpilary, apocarpous, and is marginal or basal.
Poly carpilary:- Having many carpals.
Apocarpous:- carpels are free from each other.
Marginal Placautation:- ovules are attached on inner wall of ovary.
Basel placeutation:- ovules are attached at base of ovary.
Etaerio of achene:-fruit in which pericarp is free from seed coat and membranous.
Capsule: - Dry dehiscent fruit formad from many carpels.
Berry: - fleshy fruit developing from single pistil with many seeds, e.g to matlo.
Seed:-
Seed is endospermic
{seed is covered by nutritive tissues in endoryo}
Floral formula & diagram
Distribution:-
It has about 40 genera and 1200 species mostly distribution in old region
Vastn variety found in India, Pakistan and Himalaya
Important species:-
(1).Ranunculivsmuricatus buttercup.
(2).Delphinium ajacis larkspur.
(3). Ranunculus sceleratus crowfoot.
(4). Ranunculus aquatitis water buttercup.
(5). Aconitum napellus poisonous herp.
(6). Nigella sativa kalonji.
Ornamental plant:-
Most plant are cultivatedfor their beauty full flower e.g. butter cup, Larkspur
Medicainalplant :-some members are used as medicine ,e.gaconitina to add flavous to the food e.g seeds of nigella –
It is also used as drug .
Weeds:- same members are weed e.g ranunculus muricatus.
Necteries :- some members of their family are necteries ,that have great importance for honey bee .
Poison:- some members of this family produce acrid juice that is highly poisonous