Written by:Mehwish Altaf
419.3 million years ago
Division period
Osteolipids fish -----> travel / swim from poal to pool ---> under goes modification ---> amphibians.
Also called as Asian Bull frog ( Basanti Daddo)
Kingdom |
Animalia |
Phylum |
Chordata |
Class |
Amphibia |
Order |
Anura |
Family |
Dicroglossidae |
Genus |
Haplobatrachur |
Species |
H. Tigerinus |
Common Name |
Indus valley bull frog. |
Distribution:-
Mainly found in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan and act as invasive species.
Invasive Species:- Those who are nature to a sperific area or lacation.
Habitat:-
They are found near water surface and they used to live near water avoid forest areas.
Size:- 5 – 7 cm.
Weight:- 25 – 500 grams.
Body colour:- They are greenish or aliver green in colour with dark spots vertebral line.
Body consists of 2 parts.
are also called as thumb pad found only in male and helps in grasping the female frog during capulation.
Vocal sac:- is a flexible membrane of skin which is wed in making the advertisement call during breeding season male is ready to produce.
Digestive system of Asian bull frog is derived into two components.
Alimentary canal:-
The alimentary canal of frog is started with an opening aperture known as mouth which contain jaws
Jaws are bounded with immovable lips.
BUCCAL CAVITY:-
Buccal cavity contain jaws in which upper jaws is fixed &contain set of teeth which are called “vomeric” teeth .There teeth are involve in digestive process &used only to prevent the excape of prey lower jaw is movable .
PHARNYX:-
The buccal cavity narrows behind into a structure called pharynx which open into oseophagus through structure called gullet.
In male frog pharynx contain vocal sac.
OESOPHAGUS:-
Gullet lead to short , small & reduced muscular organ of alimentary canal called esophagus. This is small & reduced part as frog contain no neck. It opens into stomach.
STOMACH:-
It is most important part of alimentary canal where the digestion of ingested food take place through digestive glands.
Stomach is divided into 2 regions
INTESTINE:-
Stomach lead to a highly coiled, elongated tube like structure called intestine, which are divided into
CLOOCAL APERTURE:-
Rectum leads to a small sac like structure which receive opening from the anus & urino-genital operture.
Small intestine through the hepato-pancreatic duet.
Food:-
Amphibains feed on small invertebrates & small mammals . rodents (Rats etc)
INGESTION:-
The amphibians ingestion occurs through predation .True tongue is first seen in amphibians . Tongue is bi-lobed & fleshy.
DIGESTION:-
Water & mineral ions balance in the body. Amphibians must have need to remove or store water & conserve mineral ions.
The skin & wall of urinary bladder are responsible for transportation of internal ions.
Diurnal:-
The terrestrial amphibians used to avoid the dry land & if they are diurnal . They find out best humid areas or moist land where they tap their body on earth’s surface & maintain water balance.
Nocturnal:-
Some amphibians are nocturnal in nature & came out only at night .They already live in humid area to reduce the chances of water loss.
Reduce body Surface:-
Amphibians which lives in burrows & in group form used this mechanism. They fold their body & come close to each other in this way a small body area is exposed to the environment/atmosphere.
Protective Covering:-
The skin bears hard surface which is resistant to the water, when the amphibians feel the fear of the water loss they form the burrow & close the hole of burrow & close the hole of burrow with their hand body surface to reduce water loss.
Water storage:-
The amphibians have the ability to store water in their lymph sac & urinary bladder.
35% water is stored by amphibians in respond to their body weight.
Dehydration:-
Skin of amphibians is richly supplied with capillaries so they flattened the skin on moist surface & absorb water to rehydrate themselves.
Cutaneous respiration:-
When the gaseous exchange occur through skin the respiration is cutaneous .The skin contain blood capillaries & involve in absorbing O2 from the atmosphere & removing the CO2 from body.
(1-7%)
Buccopharyngeal Respiration:-
The amphibians uses the mechanism of buccopharyngeal respiration in land .The respiration which takes place through the moist surface of mouth & phyrnx is buccopharyngeal.
Pulmonary respiration:-
Reproduction
Voscals:-
(1).Advertisement call by male for reproducing .
(2). Release call ===> Both male + male
(3). Recieptive call ===> Female
(4). Distress call===> both in stress or daryer .
Distribution:-
Found all over the world b/c they are cosmopolitan in nature.
The body of the mammals is covered with skin possesses hairs. The hairs are made up of keratin protein.
Also called as milk gland that are functional in females , produce milk to nourish their bodies.
(b) Scent Gland:-
Also called as the fragment gland .In some mammals skin contain scent gland which produce specific fragment or scent that is used for sexual behavior .Also wed commercially.
Example:- Found in Mushlc Deer
(c) Sudoriporan Glands:-
Also called as sweat gland found in skin & used to regulate the body temperature.
(d) Sabeceaus Gland:-
Also called as the oil gland . It is present beneath the epidermic & lubricate skin & hairs to make them water proof.
The brain of mammals is highly folded (convulated) & cerebrum becam more/ vary complicated (completed due to this convulation)
Mammalian Heart:- Heart consist of 4 chambers
2 auricles
2 ventricles
Complete heat & circulatory system is complex having no mixing of O2 &CO2 blood sinus vinosus is absent (Different from fishes).
Dentition:-
Mammals are Thecodant Diphydant & hetrodant
Ear:-
Complete ear with fleshy external ear or pinnae is present (Different from fishes & amphibians).
Limbs:-
Mammals are tetropodes , pentadactyle.
2 pairs of limbs are present i.e , fore limbs & hind limbs which contain 05 digits some mammals also contain hooves i.e , horse , donkey.
Mammals are
Oviparous ====> Monotremres
Viviparous =====> Placentalian
Oviviparous ====> Massupalia
Oviparous (Ornythorynchus Anitinus) Scientific name of Duck bill Platypus |
Viviparous (Oryctolagus caniculus) Scientific Name of Rabbit |
Oviviparous (Macropus refus) Scientific Name of Rea Kangroo |
Scientific name (oryctolagus cuniculus) of Rabbit.
Scientific name Macropus rufus of Red kangaroo
Kangaroo are example gin which the egg contain only yolk sac so the babies draw nourishment from yolk sac .When yolk sac is utilize they born but are
Order Monotreme
Classification:-
Kingdom -------- Animilia Phylum -------- Chordata
Sub- Phylum -------- Vertebrea
Class -------- Mammalia
Sub-Class -------- Prototheria
Order -------- Monotremate
Genus -------- Ornythorhychus
Specie -------- O. anatinus
Common Name -------- Duck Bill Platypus
Distribution:-
O.anatinus are present the bank of rivers. Size----45 cm
Carnivores == > Feed on crustoceans & small worms
Morphology:-
Head:Short , flattened head is present.
Beak:- They called duck bill platypus b/c .They have broad, flatten beak. Beak is covered with soft 7 fine skin contain sensory organs.
Teeth:- Inside beak teeth are present & the teeth are only present in childhood. In adult O.anatinus the teeth are replaced by horny plates which are presents in inner linning of beak.
Webbed & Clawed limbs are present hind limbs are well webbed & their web is extending form top of toes .In hind limbs spur are present while fore limbs are clawed .They have five digits.
Tail:-
Tail is broad , large & flattened
Eye:-
Bead like small rounded, eye are present on head.
Ear:- External ear are reduced , while middle & inner is present &well- developed
DEVELOPMENT:-
SPUR:-
Spur is a structure that is present in hind limbs of duck bill platypus . In males the spur contain crural gland & the function of crural gland is to produce venome which used for
Classification
Kingdom -------- Animilia Phylum -------- Chordata
Sub- Phylum -------- Vertebrea Class -------- Mammalia
Sub-Class -------- Theria
Infra class -------- MetaTheria Order -------- Marsupalia Genus -------- Macropus Specie -------- M.rufus
Common Name -------- Read Kangroo
Distribution:-
They originate & found in Australia .They are extinct in Pakistan. Macropus rufus is largest surviving kangaroo.
Feeding Habitats:-
They are herbivores & feed on variety of grasses b/c of grazing they have specialized type of teeth.
Limbs:-
Limbs are modified running, jumping & walking .Kangaroo have short fore limb & long hind limb.
Both limbs have digits & claws.
Hind limb:-
Hind limb is long / stronger used for locomotion. Hind limbs contain only 4 digits.
Tail:-
External ear is present on viviparous are absent
Development:-
Kangaroo are oviviparous mean their feotus develop in uterus with only yolk sac placenta when the yolk sac is utilized , the embryo get delivered but is not completely developed & is immature with only 2.5 cm in length -50 the baby retain in mother baby.
The bodies after delivery are transferred to marsupiam that is mother pouch where the baby feed on milk produced by mammary gland when the baby get enough mature they came out from the marsupiam
They may live in marsupian for 3-4 month.
Class Mamalia
Classification:-
Kingdom -------- Animilia
Phylum -------- Chordata
Sub- Phylum -------- Vertebrea
Class -------- Mammalia
Sub-Class -------- Theria
Infra class -------- Eutheria
Order -------- Marsupalia
Family -------- Lagomorpha Genus -------- Oryctolagus
Specie -------- O.cunculus
Common Name -------- Rabbit
Disrtribution:-
They are cosmopolition, found every where in world but their original home was Europe & Africa from where they spread or carried by man from place to place.
Habitat:-
They are gregarious in nature i.e. they live in groups even several families consisting of hundreds of rabbit which live together.
Morphology:- Body is divided into 4 parts.
Shape:- Their body is pointed auteriorly and broader posteriorly.
Size:- 16 inches in length with 2-4 pound weight.
Colour:- They are found in white colour or black colour, Sometimes white with brown or black patches.
1)Head:- Head is pointed and form snout, Head contain
Mouth:- Mouth is present on terminal of snout which is bounded by pair of moveable upper and lower lips.
Lips:- The upper lip is divided in middle and extend upwards to the nostrils.
Nostrils:- Trust above the mouth, two oblique openings are present Nostrils.
Eyes:- Pair of rounded eyes are present on either side of the head.
Ears:- External ears are present which are large, elongated and trumped shape.
Vibrissae:- On either side of nostrils, near upper lip, present, which are sensory in function.
Neck:- Neck is part of body present between the head and trunk and it is present to provide free movement of head in all direction.
Trunk:- Trunk is divided two region:-
Thorax:- Thorax form a bony cage of ribs and sternum, cavity is called thoraciae cavity. It contain all tendor organ like heart, liver, stomach etc.
Abdomen:- Abdomen is broader body part which is enclosed in abdominal cavity.
Perineal Gland:- Characteristic features of rabbit.
Perineal gland secreate a fluid which produce a specific and strong odour/smell in rabbit.
Rabbit and Hares:- In Rabbit and In Hares the perineal, the absent Gland is present. |
Limbs:-
In rabbits abdomen
With Ankle (Tarcus) & soul (metatarsul) & four digits are present which are clawed.
Tail:-
Bushy small tail present at the end of trunk which is white form posterior side , Tail is used for defense during any tail for warning alarm to their companies.
Amphibians are vertebrae tetropodes . Amphibia include frogs, salamansars, & caecilians. The term amphibians loosely translate from the Greek as “ duel life” which is a reference to the metemorphpsis that many frogs & salamandars undergo & their mixture of aquatic & terrestrial environments in their life cycle.
Amphibians evolved during the Devonsion period & were the earliest terrestrial tetropodes.
Order caudata include that amphibians which posses tail. Salamanders are the amphibians of order caudate which is also known as urodela. This taxon include group of rough skinned species of family salamandridae.
Salamanders are distinguished from other amphibians like frogs by the presence of having limbs set at right angle to the body with fore limbs & hind limbs of approximately equal in size salamanders are also distinguished from frog by numerous characteristics of their skeleton & musculature.
Classification:
Kingdom |
Animalia |
Phylum |
Chordate |
Sub- phylum |
Urtebrata |
Super-classs |
Tetrapoda |
Class |
Amphibian |
Order |
Caudate |
Family |
Plethodonitidae |
Genus |
Aneides |
Specie |
Aneides uagrans |
Common name |
Wandering salamander cungles salamander |
Distribution:
Aneides vagrans are mostly found in Canada & U.S Most of the species are native to western hemi share from british Columbia to Brazil & few of them found in south korea
Habit / Habitat:
The natural habitat of Aneides vagrans is temprate/ moderate. Forest it is threatened by habitat loss it can mostly live in move on land during day time of high humidity.
During day time, they hide themselves under tress while at night they feed at small invertebrates like ants, mites, beetles , snails_
Wandering salamander is similar in appearance to the clouded salamander ( Aneides ferrus) & was consider to be the same species but they are separted recently due to same genetic evidence.
Prehensile Tail:
A tail in animal that has adopted to be able to grasp & hold objects.